Examinando las fronteras florísticas entre tipologias de jardín a escala global

Autores/as

  • Josep Padullés Cubino
  • Josep Vila Subirós
  • Carles Barriocanal Lozano

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2014.61.05

Palabras clave:

Jardines, Huertos familiares, Biodiversidad, Etnobotánica, Seguridad alimentaria

Resumen

Los jardines son una importante fuente de bienes y servicios para los residentes de un hogar. Su función se traduce directamente en el tipo de plantas que en ellos se cultiva. Por otro lado, la terminología usada para denominar los distintos tipos de jardín en inglés (garden, homegarden, forest garden, etc.) varía según su función y propósito. Los factores que explican la diferenciación y distribución de los jardines a escala global no habían sido previamente explorados hasta ahora. En este estudio se han analizado los inventarios florísticos de 44 conjuntos de jardines de to do el mundo para explorar sus similitudes taxonómicas y los factores que configuran la distribución de su flora. Para ello, se escogieron distintas variables biofísicas y socioeconómicas a una escala apropiada de trabajo. Como resultado, los factores biofísicos y climáticos (temperatura, precipitación, evapotranspiración potencial y distancia entre asentamientos) se hallaron significativamente relacionados con la distribución de las especies; no obstante, todos estos factores resultaron ser menos importantes que el GDP (PIB) per cápita, utilizado aquí como indicador de los ingresos del hogar, y que se obtuvo como el principal impulsor de la composición de los jardines. También el resto de factores sociales y culturales incluidos en el análisis, como son la similitud entre las lenguas de los distintos asentamientos o la densidad de población, se encontraron como variables significativas. Cabe señalar que el presente análisis omite cierto número de variables debido a la no disponibilidad de datos. Algunas de estas variables son el tamaño del jardín o el género de su dueño, las cuales han sido reconocidas previamente como agentes influyentes en la composición vegetal de los jardines. El estudio concluye que los géneros vegetales cultivados en los conjuntos de jardines son muy diferentes entre sí y que, por lo tanto, las distinciones entre tipologías de jardín son difíciles de establecer a partir de tan solo datos florísticos. Por último, se discuten también las implicaciones que podrían tener posibles futuras fluctuaciones en el nivel de la renta (causadas por una severa crisis económica) o el cambio climático, sobre la diversidad bio-cultural y la seguridad alimentaria.

Financiación

Project name, “New patterns in water demand and management in low-density urban and touristic areas. the case of the Costa Brava (Girona)”. Ref, cso2010-17488. Funded by, Ministry of Science and Innovation. Principal investigator, Anna Ribas Palom. Josep Padullés Cubino has a FPI grant to undertake PhD. Ref, BES-2011-046475.

Citas

ACAR, C., ACAR, H., EROGLU, E. (2007): “Evaluation of ornamental plant resources to urban biodiversity and cultural changing: a case study of residential landscapes in Trabzon City (Turkey)”, en Building and Environment, nº 42, pp. 218-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.08.030

AGELET, A., ANGELS, B.M., VALLES, J. (2000): “Homegardens and their role as a main source of medicinal plants in mountain regions of Catalonia (Iberian peninsula)”, en Economic Botany, nº 54, pp. 295-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02864783

AKINNIFESI, F.K., SILESHI, G.W., AJAYI, O.C., AKINNIFESI, A.I., DE MOURA, E.G., LINHARES, J.F., RODRIGUES, I. (2010): “Biodiversity of the urban homegardens of Sao Luís city, Northeastern Brazil” en Urban Ecosystems, nº 13, pp. 129-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-009-0108-9

ALBUQUERQUE, U.P., ANDRADE, L.H.C., CABALLERO, J. (2005): “Structure and floristics of homegardens in Northeastern Brazil”, en Journal of Arid Environments, nº 62, pp. 491-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.01.003

BATIANOFF, G.N., FRANKS, A.J. (1998): “Environmental weed invasions on southeast Queensland foredunes” en Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, nº 107, pp. 15-34.

BHATTI, M., CHURCH, A. (2000): “I never promised you a rose garden: gender, leisure and homemaking”, en Leisure Studies, nº 19, pp. 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360050023071

BIGIRIMANA, J., BOGAERT, J., DE CANNIÈRE, C., BIGENDAKO, M-J., PARMENTIER, I. (2012): “Domestic garden plant diversity in Bujumbura, Burundi: Role of the socio-economical status of the neighbourhood and alien species invasion risk”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 107, pp. 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.008

BLANCKAERT, I., SWENNEN, R.L., PAREDES FLORES, M., ROSAS LÓPEZ, R., LIRA SAADE, R. (2004): “Floristic composition, plant uses and management practices in homegardens of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Mexico”, en Journal of Arid Environments, nº 57, pp. 39-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00100-9

BROWNRIGG, L. (1985): Home-gardening in International Development. Washington, League for International Food Education.

CABALLERO, K. (1992): “Mayan homegardens: past, present and future”, en Etnóecologica, nº 1, pp. 35-54.

CAMERON, R.W.F., BLANUSA, T., TAYLOR, E. J., SALISBURY, A., HALSTEAD, A.J., HENRICOT, B., THOMPSON, K. (2012): “The domestic garden – Its contribution to urban green infrastructure”, en Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, nº 11, pp. 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002

CAMPBELL, B.M., CLARKE, J.M., GUMBO, D.J. (1991). “Traditional Agroforestry Practices in Zimbabwe”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 14, pp. 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045726

CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION NETWORK (CIESIN), COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; AND CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL (CIAT) (2005): Gridded Population of the World Version 3 (GPWv3): Population Density Grids. Palisades, NY: Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC), Columbia University. Available at http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw. Accessed 21 February 2013.

CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL EARTH SCIENCE INFORMATION NETWORK (CIESIN), 2002. Country-level GDP and Downscaled Projections based on the A1, A2, B1, and B2 Marker Scenarios, 1990-2100, [digital version]. Palisades, NY: CIESIN, Columbia University. Available at http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/datasets/downscaled. Accessed 21 February 2013.

CHRISTANTY, L. (1990): “Homegardens in Tropical Asia, with special reference to Indonesia. Homegardens in tropical America: a review”, en Landauer K., Brazil, M. (eds.), Tropical Homegardens. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press: 9-20.

CILLIERS, S.S., MÜLLER, N., DREWES, E. (2004): “Overview on urban nature conservation: situation in the western-grassland biome of South Africa”, en Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, nº 3, pp. 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2004.04.003

CLAYTON, S. (2007): “Domesticated nature: Motivations for gardening and perceptions of environmental impact”, en Journal of Environmental Psychology, nº 27, pp. 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.06.001

COOK, E.M., HALL, S.J., LARSON, K.L. (2012): “Residential landscapes as social-ecological systems: a synthesis of multi-scalar interactions between people and their home environment”, en Urban Ecosystems, nº 15, pp. 19-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0197-0

CROSBY, A. (1986): Ecological Imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

DANIELS, G.D., KIRKPATRICK, J.B. (2006): “Comparing the characteristics of front and back domestic gardens in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 78, pp. 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.11.004

DAS, T., DAS, A.K. (2005): “Inventorying plant biodiversity in home gardens: A case study in Barak Valley, Assam, North East India” en Current Science, nº 89, pp. 155-163.

DAVIES, Z.G., FULLER, R.A., LORAM, A., IRVINE, K.N., SIMS, V., GASTON, K.J. 2009. “A national scale inventory of resource provision for biodiversity within domestic gardens”, en Biological Conservation, nº 142, pp. 761-771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.016

DEHNEN-SCHMUTZ, K., TOUZA, J., PERRINGS, C., WILLIAMSON, M. (2007): “The Horticultural Trade and Ornamental Plant Invasions in Britain”, en Conservation Biology, nº 21, pp. 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00538.x

DOMENE, E., SAURÍ, D. (2003): “Modelos Urbanos y Consumo de Agua. El Riego de Jardines Privados en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona”, en Investigaciones Geográficas, nº 32, pp. 5-17. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2003.32.02

DOODY, B.J., SULLIVAN, J.J., MUERK, C.D., STEWART, G.H., PERKINS, H.C. (2010): “Urban realities: the contribution of residential gardens to the conservation of urban forest remnants” en Biodiversity and Conservation, nº 19, pp. 1385-1400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9768-2

EICHEMBERG, M.T., AMOROZO, M.C.M., MOURA, L.C. (2009): “Species composition and plant use in old urban homegardens in Rio Claro, Southeast of Brazil”, en Acta Botanica Brasilica, nº 23, pp. 1057-1075. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062009000400016

ESRI (2012). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.

FAITH, D., MINCHIN P., BELBIN L. (1987): “Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance”, en Vegetatio, nº 69 (1/3), pp. 57-68.

FERNANDES, E.C.M., NAIR, P.K.R. (1986): “An Evolution of the structure and function of tropical homegardens”, en Agricultural Systems, nº 21, pp. 279-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-521X(86)90104-6

FRANKENBERGER, T.R., MCCASTON, M.K. (1998): From food security to livelihood security: the Evolution of Concepts. Rome, World Food Programme’s Food and Agriculture Organization Newsletter.

FREEMAN, C., DICKINSON, K.J.M., PORTER, S., VAN HEEZIK, Y. (2012): “My garden is an expression of me: Exploring householders’ relationships with their gardens”, en Journal of Environmental Psychology, nº 32, pp. 135-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.01.005

GAJASENI, J., GAJASENI, N. (1999): “Ecological rationalities of the traditional homegarden system in the Chao Phraya Basin, Thailand”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 46, pp. 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006188504677

GASTON, K.J., WARREN, P.H., THOMPSON, K., SMITH, R.M. (2005): “Urban domestic gardens (IV): the extent of the resource and its associated features”, en Biodiversity and Conservation, nº 14, pp. 3327-3349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-9513-9

GOODE, J. (2006): Goode’s World Atlas. 21st Edition. USA, Rand Mc Nally.

GROVE, J.M., TROY, A.R., O’NEIL-DUNNE, J.P.M., BURCH, W.R., CADENASSO, M.L., PICKETT, S.T.A. (2006): “Characterization of households and its implications for the vegetation of urban ecosystems”, en Ecosystems, nº 9 (4), pp. 578-597.

HEAD L., MUIR, P., HAMPEL, E. (2004): “Australian backyard gardens and the journey of migration” en Geographical Review, nº 94 (3), pp. 326-347.

HOPE, D., GRIES, C., ZHU, W.X., FAGAN, W.F., REDMAN, C.L., GRIMM, N.B., NELSON, A.L., MARTIN, C., KINZIG, A. (2003): “Socioeconomics drive urban plant diversity”, en Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, nº 100, pp. 8788-8792. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1537557100

HUNTER, M.C.R., BROWN, D.G. (2012): “Spatial contagion: Gardening along the street in residential neighbourhoods” en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 105, pp. 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.01.013

HURD, B.H., ST. HILAIRE, R., WHITE, J.M. (2006): “Residential landscapes, homeowner attitudes, and water-wise choices in New Mexico”, en HortTechnology, nº 16, pp. 241-246.

IGNATIEVA, M., STEWART, G. (2009): “Homogeneity of urban biotopes and similarity of landscape design language in former colonial cities”, en McDonnell M.J., Hahs A.K., Breuste J.H. (eds.), Ecology of cities and towns: a comparative approach. Cambridge, Cambridge University press: 399-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609763.024

JOSE, D., SHANMUGARATNAM, N. (1993): “Traditional homegardens of Kerala: a sustainable human ecosystem”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 24, 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00706892

KABIR, M.E., WEBB, E.L. (2008): “Can homegardens conserve biodiversity in Bangladesh?”, en Biotropica, nº 40, pp. 95-103.

KENDAL, D., WILLIAMS, N.S.G., WILLIAMS, K.J.H. (2012): “A cultivated environment: Exploring the global distribution of plants in gardens, parks and streetscapes”, en Urban Ecosystems, nº 15, pp. 637-652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0215-2

KENDLE, T., FORBES, S. (1997): Urban nature conservation: landscape management in the urban countryside. London, E & FN Spon.

KINZIG, A.P., WARREN, P., MARTIN, C., HOPE, D., KATTI, M. (2005): “The effects of human socioeconomic status and cultural characteristics on urban patterns of biodiversity”, en Ecology and Society, nº 10 (1), 23 p.

KREBS, C. (1999): Ecological methodology. New York, Addison Wesley Longman.

KUMAR, B.M. (2011): “Species richness and aboveground carbon stock in the homegardens of central Kerala, India”, en Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, nº 140, pp. 430-440.

KUMAR, B.M., NAIR, P.K.R. (2004): “The enigma of tropical homegardens”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 61, pp. 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGFO.0000028995.13227.ca

KUMAR, B.M., GEORGE, S.J., CHINNAMANI, S. (1994): “Diversity, structure and standing stock of wood in the homegardens of Kerala in peninsular India”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 25, pp. 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00707463

KUMARI, M.A.S., KANSUNTISUKMONGKOL, K., BROCKELMAN, W.Y. (2009): “Plant diversity in home gardens and its contribution to household economy in suburban areas in Sri Lanka”, en Environment and Natural Resources Journal, nº 2 (7), pp. 12-30.

LARSEN, L., HARLAN, S.L. (2006): “Desert dreamscapes: residential landscape preference and behavior”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 78 (1-2), pp. 85-100.

LARSON, K.L., CASAGRANDE, D., HARLAN, S.L., YABIKU, S.T. (2009) “Residents’ yard choices and rationales in a desert city: social priorities, ecological impacts, and decision tradeoffs”, en Environmental Management, nº 44 (5), pp. 921-937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9353-1

LICHSTEIN, J.W., SIMONS, T.R., SHRINE, S.A., FRANZREB, K.E. (2002): “Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology”, en Ecological Monographs, nº 72 (3), pp. 445-463.

LORAM, A., THOMPSON, K., WARREN, P.H., GASTON, K.J. (2008): “Urban domestic gardens (XII): The richness and composition of the flora in five UK cities”, en Journal of Vegetation Science, nº 19, pp. 321-330. https://doi.org/10.3170/2008-8-18373

LUBBE, C.S., SIEBERT, S.J., CILLIERS, S.S. (2010): “Political legacy of South Africa affects the plant diversity patterns of urban domestic gardens along a socio-economic gradient”, en Scientific Research and Essays, nº 19, pp. 2900-2910.

LUCK, G.W., SMALLBONE, L.T., O’BRIEN, R. (2009): “Socio-economics and vegetation change in urban ecosystems: Patterns in space and time”, en Ecosystems, nº 12, pp. 604-620.

MARCO, A., DUTOIT, T., DESCHAMPS-COTTIN, M., MAUFFREY, J.-F., VENNETIER, M., BERTAUDIÈRE-MONTES, V. (2008): “Gardens in urbanizing rural areas reveal an unexpected floral diversity related to housing density”, en Comptes Rendus Biologies, nº 331, pp. 452-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.03.007

MARCO, A., BARTHELEMY, C., DUTOIT, T., BERTAUDIÈRE-MONTES, V. (2010): “Bridging human and natural sciences for a better understanding of urban floral patterns: the role of planting practices in Mediterranean gardens”, en Ecology and Society, nº 15 (2), 2 p.

MARSH, R. (1998): “Household food security through home gardening: evidence from Bangladesh and Central America”, en Proceedings of an International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)-Rockefeller Foundation Workshop, November 1994, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

MARTIN, C.A., PETERSON, K.A., STABLER, L.B. (2003): “Residential landscaping in Phoenix, Arizona, USA: practices and preferences relative to covenants, codes and restrictions” en Journal of Arboriculture, nº 29 (1), pp. 9-17.

MARTIN, C.A. WARREN, P.S., KINZIG, A.P. (2004): “Neighborhood socioeconomic status is a useful predictor of perennial landscape vegetation in residential neighborhoods and embedded small parks of Phoenix, AZ”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 69 (4), pp. 355-368.

MATHIEU, R., FREEMAN, C., ARYAL, J. (2007): “Mapping private gardens in urban areas using object oriented techniques and very high-resolution satellite imagery”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 81, pp. 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.11.009

MILLER, J.R., HOBBS, R.J. (2002): “Conservation where people live and work”, en Conservation Biology, nº 16, pp. 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00420.x

MILLER, J.R. (2005): “Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience”, en Trends in Ecology and Evolution, nº 20, pp. 430-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.013

NASSAUER, J., WANG, Z., DAYRELL, E. (2009): “What will the neighbors think? Cultural norms and ecological design”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 92, pp. 282-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2009.05.010

NIELSON, L., SMITH, C.L. (2005): “Influences on residential yard care and water quality: Tualatin watershed, Oregon”, en Journal of the American Water Resources Association, nº 41 (1), pp. 93-106.

OLIVIER, D.F. (1999): “Please, more real farmers in our cities!”, en Faith & Earthkeeping, nº 16, pp. 1-13.

OWEN, J. (1991): The ecology of a garden: the first fifteen years. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

PEYRE, A., GUIDAL, A., WIERSUM, K.F., BONGERS, F. (2006): “Dynamics of homegarden structure and function in Kerala, India”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 66, 101 p.

REICHARD, S.H., WHITE, P. (2001): “Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in the United States”, en BioScience, nº 51, pp. 103-113.

RUSTERHOLZ, H-P., WIRZ, D., BAUR, B. (2012): “Garden waste deposits as a source for non-native plants in mixed deciduous forests”, en Applied Vegetation Science, nº 15, pp. 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01175.x

SANZ-ELORZA, M., MATEO, R.G., GONZÁLEZ BERNARDO, F. (2008): “The historical role of agriculture and gardening in the introduction of alien plants in the western Mediterranean”, en Plant Ecology, nº 202, pp. 247-256.

SHACKLETON, C.M., PAUMGARTEN, F., COCKS, M.L. (2008): “Household attributes promote diversity of tree holdings in rural areas, South Africa”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 72, pp. 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-007-9066-5

SMITH, R.M., THOMPSON, K., HODGSON, J.G., WARREN, P.H., GASTON, K.J. (2006): “Urban domestic gardens (IX): Composition and richness of the vascular plant flora, and implications for native biodiversity”, en Biological Conservation, nº 129, pp. 312-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.045

SPINTI, J.E., ST HILAIRE, R., VANLEEUWEN, D. (2004): “Balancing landscape preferences and water conservation in a desert community”, en HortTechnology, nº 14 (1), pp. 72-77.

SYME, G.J., SHAO, Q., PO, M., CAMPBELL, E. (2004): “Predicting and understanding home garden water use”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 68 (1), pp. 121-128.

TEAM R.D.C. (2012): R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org

THE INTERNATIONAL PLANT NAMES INDEX, (IPNI) 2012. Published on the Internet. http://www.ipni.org. Accessed 12 of February 2013.

THOMPSON, J.L., GEBAUER, J., HAMMER, K., BUERKERT, A. (2009): “The structure of urban and peri-urban gardens in Khartoum, Sudan”, en Genetic Resources And Crop Evolution, nº 57, pp. 487-500.

TORQUEBIAU, E. (1992): “Are tropical agroforestry homegardens sustainable?”, en Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, nº 41, pp. 189-207.

TRATALOS, J., FULLER, R.A., WARREN, P.H., DAVIES, R.G., GASTON, K.J. (2007): “Urban form, biodiversity potential and ecosystem services”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 83 (4), pp. 308-317.

TROY, A.R., GROVE, J.M., O’NEIL-DUNNE, J.P.M., PICKETT, S.T.A., CADENASSO, M.L. (2007): “Predicting opportunities for greening and patterns of vegetation on private urban lands”, en Environmental Management, nº 40 (3), pp. 394-412.

TYNSONG, H., TIWARI, H. (2010): “Plant diversity in the homegardens and their significance in the livelihoods of War Khasi community of Meghalaya, North-east India”, en Journal of Biodiversity, nº 1 (1), pp. 1-11.

VOGL, C.R., VOGL-LUKASSER, B., PURI, R.K. (2004): “Tools and methods for data collection in ethnobotanical studies in home gardens”, en Field Methods, nº 16, pp. 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266844

WATSON, J.W., EYZAGUIRRE, P.B. (eds.) (2002): “Homegardens and in situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in Farming Systems”, en Proceedings of the Second International Homegarden Workshop, 17-19 July 2001. Witzenhausen, Germany, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, 184 p.

WEZEL, A., BENDER, S. (2003): “Plant species diversity of homegardens of Cuba and its significance for household food supply”, en Agroforestry Systems, nº 57, pp. 37-47.

WIERSUM, K.F. (2006): “Diversity and change in homegarden cultivation in Indonesia”, en Kumar B.M., Nair P.K.R. (eds.), Tropical homegardens: a time-tested example of sustainable agroforestry. Advances in agroforestry, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht: 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4948-4_2

WILLMOTT CORT, J., MATSUURA, K. (2001): Terrestrial Water Budget. Data Archive: Monthly Time Series (1950-1999). Available: http://climate.geog.udel.edu/~climate/html_pages/README.wb_ts2.html. Last accessed 21 February 2013.

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO), (2013): World Weather Information Service United Nations. http://www.worldweather.org. Accessed 20 February 2013.

YABIKU, S.T., CASAGRANDE, D.G., FARLEY-METZGER, E. (2008): “Preferences for landscape choice in a Southwestern desert city”, en Environment and Behavior, nº 40 (3), pp. 382-400.

ZHOU, W.Q., TROY, A., GROVE, J.M., JENKINS, J.C. (2009): “Can money buy green? demographic and socioeconomic predictors of lawn-care expenditures and lawn greenness in urban residential areas”, en Society and Natural Resources, nº 22 (8), pp. 744-760.

ZMYSLONY, J., GAGNON, D. (1998): “Residential management of urban front-yard landscape: a random process?”, en Landscape and Urban Planning, nº 40 (4), pp. 295-307.

Estadísticas

Estadísticas en RUA

Publicado

15-06-2014

Cómo citar

Padullés Cubino, J., Vila Subirós, J., & Barriocanal Lozano, C. (2014). Examinando las fronteras florísticas entre tipologias de jardín a escala global. Investigaciones Geográficas, (61), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2014.61.05

Número

Sección

Artículos