Impacto de los cambios climáticos y demográficos en la vegetación del Geoparque M’goun de la UNESCO en Marruecos (1984-2021)

Autores/as

  • Gharnit Youssef Laboratorio de Ingeniería Medioambiental, Ecológica y Agroindustrial, Universidad Sultan Moulay Slimane, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Beni Mellal, Marruecos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0030-3883
  • Moujane Abdelaziz Laboratorio de Ingeniería Medioambiental, Ecológica y Agroindustrial, Universidad Sultan Moulay Slimane, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Beni Mellal, Marruecos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9679-4364
  • Outourakht Aboubakre Laboratorio de Ingeniería Medioambiental, Ecológica y Agroindustrial, Universidad Sultan Moulay Slimane, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Beni Mellal, Marruecos https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4634-4197
  • Aziz Hasib Laboratorio de Ingeniería Medioambiental, Ecológica y Agroindustrial, Universidad Sultan Moulay Slimane, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Beni Mellal, Marruecos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3181-3736
  • Abdelali Boulli Laboratorio de Ingeniería Medioambiental, Ecológica y Agroindustrial, Universidad Sultan Moulay Slimane, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Beni Mellal, Marruecos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9563-7925

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO.25433

Palabras clave:

cobertura vegetal, detección de cambios, cambio climático, población, NDVI, clasificación supervisada

Resumen

El objetivo principal de este estudio es identificar los cambios en la cobertura vegetal de la región del geoparque M’goun en Marruecos, como área de muestra para monitorear el estado de la vegetación marroquí, y los factores cruciales que influyen en su evolución entre 1984 y 2021. Se utilizó el método del Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI, por sus siglas en inglés), combinado con clasificación supervisada manipulada mediante Google Earth Engine y análisis estadístico utilizando R, junto con visitas de campo y registros de Google Earth para la clasificación supervisada. El porcentaje de densidad de vegetación, que incluye bosques de roble, matorrales, enebro rojo y tuya, junto con una cubierta altamente biodiversa, tiende a disminuir. La vegetación de cobertura media disminuyó en un 29,5%, la vegetación densa disminuyó considerablemente en un 70,9% y la vegetación de cobertura baja experimentó una disminución mínima del 0,02%. Como resultado, la vegetación densa y de cobertura media está siendo reemplazada por tierras desnudas o coberturas de mala calidad formadas por plantas dispersas y árboles solitarios. Además, las precipitaciones aumentaron ligeramente y tendieron a ser irregulares, con un aumento promedio de las temperaturas mínimas y máximas de +1,7 °C y +1,4 °C, respectivamente. Además, la población aumentó en un 84,47%. El análisis estadístico mostró que los parámetros más importantes que afectan la cobertura de vegetación de cobertura media y densa son las temperaturas (Tmin y Tmax) y la densidad de población, como se evidencia por la fuerte correlación entre ellos. En contraste, la cobertura vegetal dispersa mostró una menor correlación debido a su heterogeneidad. Sin embargo, las precipitaciones jugaron un papel mínimo en la evolución de la vegetación. El mapa de detección de cambios reveló un impacto negativo significativo en la cobertura vegetal. Esta degradación se localizó en la parte sur del área estudiada, donde, según el mapa de densidad demográfica, reside la mayoría de la población. La deforestación continúa debido al estilo de vida y las actividades económicas de la población local. Estos factores, combinados con el cambio climático, están ejerciendo una presión a gran escala sobre el bosque en todo el geoparque.

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26-01-2024

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Youssef, G., Abdelaziz, M., Aboubakre, O., Hasib, A., & Boulli, A. (2024). Impacto de los cambios climáticos y demográficos en la vegetación del Geoparque M’goun de la UNESCO en Marruecos (1984-2021). Investigaciones Geográficas, (81), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO.25433

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