Influencia de la aridez en los bosques de Pinus halepensis Mill. en áreas protegidas del sur y sureste ibérico

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

artrópodos, biomasa, pinares de pino carrasco, productividad, regeneración, sotobosque, suelo

Resumen

El pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis Mill.) es una especie bien adaptada a las condiciones climáticas del Mediterráneo. Sin embargo, es necesario comprender cómo la aridez influye en la funcionalidad de sus bosques y en la biodiversidad asociada. En este estudio, se seleccionaron 14 parcelas del Inventario Forestal Nacional Español dominadas por P halepensis, ubicadas en cuatro áreas protegidas del sur y sureste de la península ibérica con distintos niveles de aridez (Parque Nacional Sierra de las Nieves, Parque Natural Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas, Parque Natural Sierras de Tejeda, Almijara y Alhama y Paisaje Protegido de la Sierra de Escalona). El objetivo fue evaluar cómo la aridez afecta la estructura y funcionalidad del bosque, el sotobosque, la riqueza de especies de artrópodos y las características del suelo. Los resultados indican que el aumento de la aridez se asocia negativamente con varios componentes del ecosistema: en el estrato arbóreo, disminuyen el tamaño medio de los árboles, la biomasa y la productividad forestal; en el sotobosque, se reduce la diversidad de especies leñosas y se ve afectada la regeneración del arbolado en cuanto a composición y abundancia. Asimismo, la diversidad de artrópodos también disminuye con la aridez. Por el contrario, el crecimiento de los árboles, la biomasa y productividad del estrato arbustivo, el contenido en madera muerta fina y la fertilidad del suelo no mostraron cambios significativos con la aridez. Estos resultados evidencian el impacto negativo del estrés hídrico sobre los bosques de P. halepensis, pero también resaltan ciertos elementos de resiliencia que pueden ser clave para la gestión adaptativa frente al cambio climático.

Financiación

Ecología funcional de los bosques. andaluces y predicciones sobre sus cambios futuros (For-Change) (UCO-FEDER 18 REF 27943 MOD B), Funcionalidad y servicios ecosistémicos de los bosques andaluces y normarroquíes: relaciones con la diversidad vegetal y edáfica ante el cambio climático (P18- RT-3455) de la Junta de Andalucía (España), Multifuncionalidad de los bosques ibéricos ante el cambio climático (ForFun, PID2020-115809RB-I00) del MEC (Gobierno de España) y fondos FEDER, “Diseño de una infraestructura científica para monitorear la biodiversidad de bosques de sierra morena a distintas escalas espaciales”, promovido por la Universidad de Córdoba y cofinanciado por la Administración de la Junta de Andalucía, con código de expediente BIOD22_00033_21_PPCB, y por la Unión Europea a través de los fondos NextGenerationEU del Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia.

Citas

Adams, H. D., Zeppel, M. J. B., Anderegg, W. R. L., Hartmann, H., Landhäusser, S. M., Tissue, D. T., Huxman, T. E., Hudson, P. J., Franz, T. E., Allen, C. D., Anderegg, L. D. L., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Beerling, D. J., Breshears, D. D., Brodribb, T. J., Bugmann, H., Cobb, R. C., Collins, A. D., Dickman, L. T., ... & McDowell, N. G. (2017). A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(9), 1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0248-x

Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET). (2016). Visor del Atlas Climático de la Península y Baleares. https://agroclimap.aemet.es

Alberdi, I., Sandoval, V., Condes, S., Cañellas, I., & Vallejo, R. (2016). The Spanish National Forest Inventory, a tool for the knowledge, management and conservation of forest ecosystems. Ecosistemas, 25, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2016.25-3.10

Alía, R., García del Barrio, J. M., Iglesias, S., Mancha, J. A., de Miguel, J., Nicolás, J. L., Pérez, F., & Agúndez, D. (2009). Regiones de procedencia de especies forestales en España. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (OAPN).

Anaya-Romero, M., Muñoz-Rojas, M., Ibáñez, B., & Marañón, T. (2016). Evaluation of forest ecosystem services in Mediterranean areas. A regional case study in South Spain. Ecosystem Services, 20, 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.002

Andersen, A. N., Del Toro, I., & Parr, C. L. (2015). Savanna ant species richness is maintained along a bioclimatic gradient of increasing latitude and decreasing rainfall in northern Australia. Journal of Biogeography, 42(12), 2313–2322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12599

Andrew, N.R., & Hughes, L. (2005). Arthropod community structure along a latitudinal gradient: Implications for future impacts of climate change. Austral Ecology, 30, 281-297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01464.x

Atzmon, N., Moshe, Y., & Schiller, G. (2004). Ecophysiological response to severe drought in Pinus halepensis Mill. trees of two provenances. Plant Ecology, 171(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029371.44518.38

Ayari, A., Zubizarreta-Gerendiain, A., Tome, M., Tome, J., Garchi, S., & Henchi, B. (2012). Stand, tree and crown variables affecting cone crop and seed yield of Aleppo pine forests in different bioclimatic regions of Tunisia. Forest Systems, 21(1), 128-140. https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/2112211-11463

Bastias, C. C., Morán-López, T., Valladares, F., & Benavides, R. (2019). Seed size underlies the uncoupling in species composition between canopy and recruitment layers in European forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 449, 117471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117471

Bastias, C. C., Carvalho, B., Matesanz, S., de la Cruz‐Amo, L., Bravo‐Oviedo, A., Violle, C., Ruiz‐Benito, P., Ratcliffe, S., Ruiz‐Peinado, R., Zamora, R., Valladares, F., & Benavides, R. (2021). Early positive biodiversity effects on total biomass in experimental tree seedling assemblages with and without water limitation. Journal of Vegetation Science, 32(6), e13096. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.13096

Bastias, C. C., Castilla, G. R., Zarzosa, P. S., Herraiz, A. D., Herranz, N. G., Ruiz-Benito, P., Benavides, R., Bravo-Oviedo, A., del Río, M., & Villar, R. (2025). Differential aridity-induced variations in ecosystem multifunctionality between Iberian Pinus and Quercus Mediterranean forests. Ecological Indicators, 173, 113411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113411

Brabcová, V., Tláskal, V., Lepinay, C., Zrůstová, P., Eichlerová, I., Štursová, M., Zifčáková, L., Větrovský, T., & Baldrian, P. (2022). Fungal community development in decomposing fine deadwood is largely affected by microclimate. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 835274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.835274

Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., de Vries, S., Flanders, J., Folke, C., Frumkin, H., Gross, J. J., Hartig, T., Kahn, P. H., Jr., Kuo, M., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Lindahl, T., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Mitchell, R., Ouyang, Z., Roe, J., ... & Daily, G. C. (2019). Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Science Advances, 5(7), eaax0903. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0903

Bruelheide, H., Dengler, J., Purschke, O., Lenoir, J., Jiménez-Alfaro, B., Hennekens, S. M., Botta-Dukát, Z., Chytrý, M., Field, R., Jansen, F., Kattge, J., Pillar, V. D., Schrodt, F., Mahecha, M. D., Peet, R. K., Sandel, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Altman, J., Alvarez-Dávila, E., ... & Zobel, M. (2018). Global trait–environment relationships of plant communities. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(12), 1906–1917. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0699-8

Cai, Y., Wu, P., Gao, X., Zhu, D., Zhang, L., Dai, Z., Chau, H.W., & Zhao, X. (2022). Subsurface irrigation with ceramic emitters: evaluating soil water effects under multiple precipitation scenarios. Agricultural Water Management, 272, 107851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107851

Caminero, L., Génova, M., Camarero, J. J., & Sánchez-Salguero, R. (2018). Growth responses to climate and drought at the southernmost European limit of Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forests. Dendrochronologia, 48, 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.01.006

Carson, W. P., & Root, R. B. (2000). Herbivory and plant species coexistence: Community regulation by an outbreaking phytophagous insect. Ecological Monographs, 70, 73–99. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0073:HAPSCC]2.0.CO;2

Ceballos, L., & Ruiz de la Torre, J. (2001). Árboles y arbustos de la España peninsular. Fundación Conde del Valle de Salazar y Mundi Prensa.

Cleland, E. E., & Goodale, U. M. (2018). Co-limitation by nitrogen and water constraints allocation response to drought in deciduous and evergreen shrubs in a semi-arid ecosystem. Plant Ecology, 220, 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0843-1

Cole, R.J., Holl, K.D., Zahawi, R.A., Wickey, P., & Townsend, A.R. (2016). Leaf litter arthropod responses to tropical forest restoration. Ecology and Evolution, 6, 5158-5168. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2220

Corbet, S. A. (1997). Role of pollinators in species preservation, conservation, ecosystem stability and genetic diversity. Acta Horticulturae, (437), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.437.23

Costa-Saura, J. M., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Trabucco, A., Spano, D., & Mereu, S. (2016). Specific leaf area and hydraulic traits explain niche segregation along an aridity gradient in Mediterranean woody species. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 21, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2016.05.001

Cramer, W., Bondeau, A., Woodward, F.I., Prentice, I.C., Betts, R.E., Brovkin, V., Cox, P.M., Fisher, V., Foley, J.A., Friend, A.D., Kucharik, C., Lomas, M.R., Ramankutty, N., Sitch, S., Smith, B., White, A., & Young-Molling, C. (2001). Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology, 7, 357–73. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x

Croitoru, L. (2007). How much are Mediterranean forests worth? Forest Policy and Economics, 9(5), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2006.04.001

Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Eldridge, D. J., Ochoa, V., Gozalo, B., Singh, B. K., & Maestre, F. T. (2017). Soil microbial communities drive the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to global change in drylands across the globe. Ecology Letters, 20(10), 1295–1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12826

Doblas‐Miranda, E., Pino, J., & Espelta, J. M. (2021). Connectivity affects species turnover in soil microarthropod communities during Mediterranean forest establishment. Ecosphere, 12(12), e03865. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3865

Felsmann, K., Baudis, M., Kayler, Z., Puhlmann, H., Ulrich, A., & Gessler, A. (2018). Responses of the structure and function of the understory plant communities to precipitation reduction across forest ecosystems in Germany. Annals of Forest Science, 75, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-017-0681-7

Finke, D. L., & Denno, R. F. (2004). Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades. Nature, 429(6990), 407–410. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02554

García-Fayos, P., Monleón, V.J., Espigares, T., Nicolau, J.M., & Bochet, E. (2020). Increasing aridity threatens the sexual regeneration of Quercus ilex (holm oak) in Mediterranean ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 15, e0239755. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239755

Giorgi, F., & Lionello, P. (2008). Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and Planetary Change, 63(2-3), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005

Godoy, O., & Rueda, M. (2016). El uso de inventarios forestales para entender la evolución, el mantenimiento, y el funcionamiento de la diversidad de especies. Ecosistemas, 25(3),80-87. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2016.25-3.09

Gómez-Aparicio, L., García-Valdés, R., Ruiz-Benito, P., & Zavala, M. A. (2011). Disentangling the relative importance of climate, size and competition on tree growth in Iberian forests: implications for forest management under global change. Global Change Biology, 17(7), 2400–2414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02421.x

Gross, N., Maestre, F. T., Liancourt, P., Berdugo, M., Martin, R., Gozalo, B., Ochoa, V., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Maire, V., Saiz, H., Soliveres, S., Valencia, E., Eldridge, D. J., Guirado, E., Jabot, F., Asensio, S., Gaitán, J. J., García-Gómez, M., Martínez, P., ..., & Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y. (2024). Unforeseen plant phenotypic diversity in a dry and grazed world. Nature, 632(8026), 808–814. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07731-3

Guitián Ojea, F., & Carballas, T. (1976). Técnicas de análisis de suelos. Pico Sacro. Santiago de Compostela. Llorca 1991. Prácticas de Edafología. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Harper, J. L. (1977). Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press.

Harris, J.E., Rodenhouse, N.L., & Holmes, R.T. (2019). Decline in beetle abundance and diversity in an intact temperate forest linked to climate warming. Biological Conservation, 240, 108219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108219

Herraiz, A. D., Salazar-Zarzosa, P. C., Mesas, F. J., Arenas-Castro, S., Ruiz-Benito, P., & Villar, R. (2023). Modelling aboveground biomass and productivity and the impact of climate change in Mediterranean forests of South Spain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 337, 109498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109498

Herraiz, A. D., Salazar-Zarzosa, P., Acosta-Muñoz, C., Hernández-Clemente, R., & Villar, R. (2025). Aridity-induced phenological shifts and greening trends in Mediterranean forest species: Insights from 28 years of Landsat data in southern Spain. Ecological Indicators, 171, 113115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113115

Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. (s. f.). MAGNA 50: Mapa Geológico de España a escala 1:50.000 (2ª Serie). https://info.igme.es/cartografiadigital/geologica/Magna50.aspx

Jabin, M., Mohr, D., Kappes, H., & Topp, W. (2004). Influence of deadwood on density of soil macro-arthropods in a managed oak–beech forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 194, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FORECO.2004.01.053

Kahl, T., Baber, K., Otto, P., Wirth, C., & Bauhus, J. (2015). Drivers of CO2 Emission Rates from Dead Wood Logs of 13 Tree Species in the Initial Decomposition Phase. Forests, 6(12), 2484–2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6072484

Kooijman, A. M., Jongejans, J., & Sevink, J. (2005). Parent material effects on Mediterranean woodland ecosystems in NE Spain. Catena, 59(1), 55-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2004.05.004

Lieutier, F., & Paine, T. D. (2016). Responses of Mediterranean forest phytophagous insects to climate change. In Insects and diseases of mediterranean forest systems (pp. 801-858). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24744-1_28

Linares, J. C., Delgado-Huertas, A., & Carreira, J. A. (2011). Climatic trends and different drought adaptive capacity and vulnerability in a mixed Abies pinsapo–Pinus halepensis forest. Climatic change, 105(1), 67-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9878-6

Lister B.C., & Garcia A. (2018). Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, (115), 201722477. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722477115

Lloret, F., Peñuelas, J., Prieto, P., Llorens, L., & Estiarte, M. (2009). Plant community changes induced by experimental climate change: seedling and adult species composition. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 11(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2008.09.001

Loidi, J. (2017). The Vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula. Plant and Vegetation Vol. 12. (ed. Loidi, J.) 513–547 Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54784-8

Lonsdale, D., Pautasso, M., & Holdenrieder, O. (2007). Wood-decaying fungi in the forest: conservation needs and management options. European Journal of Forest Research, 127, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-007-0182-6

Maestre, F. T., Cortina, J., & Gil Polo, F. (2004). Repoblaciones de” Pinus halepensis” y restauración de ecosistemas en medio semiárido. Cuadernos de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales, (17), 181-186.

Marañón, E., Cermeño, P., Latasa, M., & Tadonléké, R. D. (2012). Temperature, resources, and phytoplankton size structure in the ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 57(5), 1266–1278. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.5.1266

McComb, W., & Lindenmayer, J. (1999). Dying, dead, and down trees. In M.L. Hunter (Ed.), Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems (pp. 335–372). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511613029.012

Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. (s.f.). Inventario Forestal Nacional. Gobierno de España. https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-forestal-nacional.html

Montero, G., Ruiz-Peinado, R., & Muñoz, M. (2005). Producción de Biomasa y Fijación de CO2 Por Los Bosques Españoles. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA).

Montero, G., Lopez-Leiva, C., Ruiz-Peinado, R., Lopez-Senespleda, E., Onrubia, R., & Pasalodos, M., (2020). Producción de biomasa y fijación de carbono por los matorrales españoles y por el horizonte orgánico superficial de los suelos forestales. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Secretaría General Técnica Gobierno de España.

Mota, J. F., Medina-Cazorla, J. M., Navarro, F. B., Pérez-García, F. J., Pérez-Latorre, A., Sánchez-Gómez, P., Torres, J. A., Benavente, A., Blanca, G., Gil, C., Lorite, J., & Merlo, M. E. (2008). Dolomite flora of the Baetic Ranges glades (South Spain). Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 203(5), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2007.06.006

Muller‐Landau, H. C., Cushman, K. C., Arroyo, E. E., Martinez Cano, I., Anderson‐Teixeira, K. J., & Backiel, B. (2020). Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass. New Phytologist, 229(6), 3065-3087. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17084

Navarro Cerrillo, R. M., & Blanco Oyonarte, P. (2006). Estimation of above-ground biomass in shrubland ecosystems of southern Spain. Forest Systems, 15(2), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.5424/srf/2006152-00964

Nieto, L. M., Fernández, T., & Leiva-Lozano, J. E. (2023). Assessment of geodiversity at the confluence of different geological domains and delimitation of natural protected areas (examples from Southern Spain). Geoheritage, 15(3), 92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00863-4

Ninyerola, M., Pons, X., & Roure, J. M. (2005). Atlas Climático Digital de la Península Ibérica. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Nocentini, A., J. S. Kominoski, & J. P. Sah. (2021). Interactive Effects of Hydrology and Fire Drive Differential Biogeochemical Legacies in Subtropical Wetlands. Ecosphere, 12, e03408. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3408

Padilla, F. M., & Pugnaire, F. I. (2007). Rooting depth and soil moisture control Mediterranean woody seedling survival during drought. Functional Ecology, 21(3), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01267.x

Palahi, M., Mavsar, R., Gracia, C., & Birot, Y. (2008). Mediterranean forests under focus. International forestry review, 10(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.10.4.676

Pedauyé, H., & Pérez-García, J.M. (coords.) (2014). Historia Natural de Sierra Escalona y Dehesa de Campoamor. Ayuntamiento de Orihuela.

Pemán, J., Iriarte, I., & Lario, F. J. (2017). La restauración forestal de España: 75 años de una ilusión. Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente.

Peñuelas, J., Sardans, J., Filella, I., Estiarte, M., Llusià, J., Ogaya, R., & Terradas, J. (2018). Assessment of the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems based on data from field experiments and long-term monitored field gradients in Catalonia. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 152, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.05.012

Poorter, H. (1989). Interspecific variation in relative growth rate: on ecological causes and physiological consequences. Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity of higher plants, 24, 45-68.

Prieto, I., Almagro, M., Bastida, F., & Querejeta, J. (2019). Altered leaf litter quality exacerbates the negative impact of climate change on decomposition. Journal of Ecology, 107, 2364 - 2382. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13168

Reid, W. V., Mooney, H. A., Cropper, A., Capistrano, D., Carpenter, S. R., Chopra, K., Dasgupta, P., Dietz, T., Duraiappah, A. K., Hassan, R., Kasperson, R., Leemans, R., May, R. M., McMichael, A. J., Pingali, P., Samper, C., Scholes, R., Watson, R. T., Zakri, A. H., ..., & Zurek, M. B. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis: A report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press.

Ramos, R. Á. H., & Gaona, T. R. (2023). Sierra de las Nieves: Valores naturales excepcionales en un Parque Nacional nacido del territorio. Ambienta: La revista del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, (136), 114-119.

R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/

Rodríguez Castilla, G., Bastias, C. C., Villar-Ruíz, A., Salazar-Zarzosa, P. C., Díaz Herraiz, A., Pérez-Guerrero, S., Barrón, V., Quero Pérez, J. L., & Villar, R. (2025). Efectos del tipo de bosque y la aridez en la comunidad de artrópodos de bosques de Pinus y Quercus del Sur de la península ibérica. Ecosistemas, 34(2), 2827. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2827

Ruiz-Benito, P., Gómez-Aparicio, L., & Zavala, M. A. (2012). Large-scale assessment of regeneration and diversity in Mediterranean planted pine forests along ecological gradients. Diversity and Distributions, 18(11), 1092–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00901.x

Ruiz‐Benito, P., Gómez‐Aparicio, L., Paquette, A., Messier, C., Kattge, J., & Zavala, M. A. (2013). Diversity increases carbon storage and tree productivity in Spanish forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12126

Sáez-Laguna, E., Guevara, M.-Á., Díaz, L.-M., Sánchez-Gómez, D., Collada, C., Aranda, I., & Cervera, M.-T. (2014). Epigenetic Variability in the Genetically Uniform Forest Tree Species Pinus pinea L. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e103145. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103145

Salazar Zarzosa, P., Herraiz, A. D., Olmo, M., Ruiz-Benito, P., Barrón, V., Bastias, C. C., & Villar, R. (2021). Linking functional traits with tree growth and forest productivity in Quercus ilex forests along a climatic gradient. Science of The Total Environment, 786, 147468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147468

Salazar Zarzosa, P. C., Herraiz, A. D., Olmo, M., Ruiz-Benito, P., Barrón, V., Bastias, C. C., de la Riva, E. G., Quero, J. L., & Villar, R. (2025). Mediterranean shrub assemblage of holm oak forests (Quercus ilex L.) is driven by aridity and soil texture rather than forest biomass. Forest Ecology and Management, 584, 122586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122586

Santos-Neto, P. E., Arnan, X., Ribeiro-Neto, J. D., Wirth, R., & Leal, I. R. (2022). Aridity, but not disturbance, reduces the specialization and modularity of plant–insect herbivore interaction networks in Caatinga dry forest. Journal of Insect Conservation, 26(2), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-022-00376-5

Sayer, E. J. (2005). Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biological Reviews, 81(01), 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006846

Seleiman, M. F., Al-Suhaibani, N., Ali, N., Akmal, M., Alotaibi, M., Refay, Y., Dindaroglu, T., Abdul-Wajid, H. H., & Battaglia, M. L. (2021). Drought stress impacts on plants and different approaches to alleviate its adverse effects. Plants, 10(2), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020259

Sierra, M., Martínez, F. J., Sierra, C., & Aguilar, J. (2009). Correlations between pedological parameters in relation to lithology and soil type in Almería (SE Spain). Journal of arid environments, 73(4-5), 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.10.014

Stephen, J. (2005). Aridity Indexes. In J.E. Oliver (Ed.), Encyclopedia of World Climatology (pp. 89–94). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3266-8_17

Sohn, J. A., Saha, S., & Bauhus, J. (2016). Potential of forest thinning to mitigate drought stress: A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 380, 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.046

Tadey, M. (2023). Cascading effects of livestock grazing on insect functional groups associated to flowers in arid lands. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 25, 375 - 390. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12557

Thom, D., Rammer, W., Dirnböck, T., Müller, J., Kobler, J., Katzensteiner, K., Helm, N., & Seidl, R. (2016). The impacts of climate change and disturbance on spatio‐temporal trajectories of biodiversity in a temperate forest landscape. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 54, 28 - 38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12644

Torres, I., Moreno, J. M., Morales-Molino, C., & Arianoutsou, M. (2021). Ecosystem services provided by pine forests. In Pines and their mixed forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin (pp. 617-629). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63625-8_29

Vilà-Cabrera, A., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Vayreda, J., & Retana, J. (2011). Structural and climatic determinants of demographic rates of Scots pine forests across the Iberian Peninsula. Ecological Applications, 21(4), 1162-1172. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0647.1

Villar, R., Ruiz-Benito, P., de la Riva, E. G., Poorter, H., Cornelissen, J. H., & Quero, J. L. (2017). Growth and growth-related traits for a range of Quercus species grown as seedlings under controlled conditions and for adult plants from the field. In Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L. (pp. 393-417). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_12

Vogel, J., Paton, E., Aich, V., & Bronstert, A. (2021). Increasing compound warm spells and droughts in the Mediterranean Basin. Weather and Climate Extremes, 32, 100312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100312

Williams, A.P., Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Griffin, D., Woodhouse, C. A., Meko, D. M., & McDowell, N. G. (2012). Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Nature Climate Change, 3(3), 292–297. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1693

Descargas

Publicado

20-05-2026

Cómo citar

Rodríguez-Castilla, G., Salazar-Zarzosa, P. C., D. Herraiz, A., Bastias, C. C., Barrón, V., Quero Pérez, J. L., & Villar, R. (2026). Influencia de la aridez en los bosques de Pinus halepensis Mill. en áreas protegidas del sur y sureste ibérico. Investigaciones Geográficas. Recuperado a partir de https://www.investigacionesgeograficas.com/article/view/30562

Número

Sección

Artículos